and Revolution, p. 342.在不同的地方一些差异仍然保留下来了,但这并不意味着,该法律制度毫无效率或者反映了地方歧视性作法。的确,依然保留的多样性映射出不同的偏好,在那些倾向于经常出入各种市场或集镇的商人团体中,商事惯例和制度的变化相对更小,因此强化了对发展中的商法之普遍认可。参见,Trakman, The Law Merchant, pp.20-21.
[7] Trakman, The Law Merchant, p.10.
[8] 同上注, 页12;以及W. Mitchell, Essay on the Early History of the Law of Mrechant (New York: Burt Franklin, 1904), p. 16.
[9] William C. Wooldridge, Uncle Sam, the Monopoly Man (Hew Rochelle, N.Y.:Arlington House, 1970), p. 96.
[10] Trakman, The Law Merchant, p. 10.亦见Grief,“Reputiation and Coalitions in Medieval Trade”;以及Milgrom, North, and Weingast, “The Role of Institutions in the Revival of Trade”。
[11] Milgrom, North, and Weingast, 同上注。
[12] Berman, Law and Revolution, p. 347; Mitchell, Essay on the Early History of the Law Merchant, p. 13.
[13] Trakman, The Law Merchant, p. 16.
[14] 同上注,页 14.
[15] Berman, Law and Revolution, p. 341.
[16] William M. Landes, and Richard A. Posner, “Adjudication as a Private good,” Journal of Legal Studies (march 1979), p. 258.
[17] 商事案件逐渐转移至官方法院可能表明,它们正在提供和执行一种较商人法“更好的”法律。当然,这一自愿的转移暗示着,商人们发现运用官方法院符合其自身利益。然而,须注意并非所有的诉讼和执行成本皆可由诉讼费补偿;纳税人就政府法律执行的一些方面提供了补贴。有关的自益动机看来实际上是商人们能够将审判和执行他们法律的成本部分地转嫁给他人,而并非官方法院提供了更好的法律。参见,Bruce L Benson, The Enterprise of Law: Justice Without the State (San Francisco: Pacific Research Institute, 1990, Chapter 3)。此外,通过创设向王室法院上诉的权利,商人法庭的权威当然被削弱了。
[18] 参见,如下著作之引证,Steven Lazarus et al.,Resolving Business Disputes: The Potential of Commercial Arbitration (New York: American Management Association,1965),p.18.
[19] Trakman, The Law Merchant, pp.26-27.
[20] 同上注,页27.
[21] 同上注,页27.
[22] 同上注,页24.
[23] Wooldridge, Uncle Sam, the Monopoly, p.99.
[24] 同上注,页99.
[25] 有关更多的细节,参见,Trakman, The Law Merchant; Harold J. Berman, and Felix J. Dasser,“ The‘ New’ Law Merchant and the ‘Old’ :Sources, Content, and Legitimacy,”in Thomas E. Carbonneau ed, Lex Mercatoria and Arbitration: A Disscussion of the New Law Merchant(Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: transnational Juris Publication, Inc., 1990);以及Benson,“Customary Law as a Social Contract”。
[26] Trakman, The Law Merchant,页3.
[27] 参见,John R. Aiken, “New Netherlands Arbitration in the 17th Century,” Arbitration Journal 29 (June 1974): 145-160; Jerold S. Auerbach, Justice Without Law (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983); Bruce L. Benson, “Are Public Courts and Arbitration Substitutes or Complements? An Exploration of the History of Arbitration and Arbitration Statutes in the United States,” Department of Economics Working Paper No. 91-03-8, Florida State University, 1993; William C. Jones, “Three Centuries of Commercial Arbitration in New York: A Brief Survey,” Washington University Law Quarterly 1956 (February 1956): 193-221; George S. Odiorne, “Arbitration Under Early New Jersey Law,” Arbitration Journal 8 (1953): 117-125,以及“Arbitration and Mediation Among the Early Quakers,” Arbitration Journal 9 (1954): 161-169; and Joseph H. Smith, Colonial Justice in Western Massachusetts (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961), pp. 180 and 188.
[28] Aiken,同上注;Auerbach,同上注;以及Jones,同上注。
[29] Aiken,同上注,页160.
[30] Jones,“Three Centuries of Commercial Arbitration in New York,”p.209.
[31] 同上注,页207.
[32] 同上注。
[33] 同上注,页209.
[34] 同上注,页211.
[35] 同上注,页219; Auerbach, Justice Without Law; Smith, Colonical Justice in Western Massachusetts, pp.180 and 188;以及Odiorne, “Arbitation Under Early New Jersey Law”,以及“Arbitration and Mediation Among the Early Quakers”。
[36] Auerbach,同上注,页33.
[37] 更多细节,参见,Benson, “Are Public Courts and Arbitration Substitutes or Complements?”1698年英国议会通过了第一个仲裁法,规定仲裁裁决一旦作出,普通法法院就不得以法律错误抑或事实错误为由推翻裁决。因此,该法要求法院尊重仲裁裁决,除非它们是在欺诈或其他不正当程序的情形下作出的。然而,该法并未推翻可撤销性原则,并且更重要的是,革命后美国的普通法法
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原文链接:没有政府的正义:中世纪欧洲商人法庭及其现代版本(下)