院已不再受英国制定法拘束。
[38] Jones,“Three Centuries of Commercial Arbitration in New York,” p.213.
[39] 同上注,页212 .
[40] Lazarus et al.,Resolving Business Dispute, p.27.
[41 参见,Jacob T. Levy,“The Transformation of Arbitration Law 1835-1870:The Lessening of Judicial Hostility Towards Private Dispute Resolution,”Mimeo, Brown University, May 1993;有关国家法院不断朝向仲裁演化的立场之讨论,参见,Benson,“Are Public Courts and Arbitration Substitutes or Complements?”。
[42] Jones,“Three Centuries of Commercial Arbitration in New York,”p.217.
[43] 同上注,页214-215.
[44] 同上注,页215.
[45] 同上注。
[46] 同上注,页216.
[47] 同上注。
[48] 同上注。
[49] 例如,参见,Auerbach, Justice Without Law.
[50] Trakman, The Law Merchant, p.33.
[51] 同上注,页34.
[52] Auerbach, Justice Without Law, p.101.
[53] Wooldridge, Uncle Sam, the Monopoly Man, p.101.
[54] Jones,“Three Centuries of Commercial Arbitration in NewYork,”p.218.
* 指20世纪。-译者
[55] Auerbach, Justice Without Law,p.113.
[56] Lazarus et al.,Resolving Business Dispute, p.20.
[57] William F. Willoughby, Principles of Judicial Administration (Washington, D.C.:Brookings Institute, 1929), pp.7-26.
[58] Auerbach, Justice Without Law, p.103.
[59] 有关仲裁成文法发展以及律师在这一过程中的作用,更详细的讨论,参见,Benson,“Are Public Courts and Arbitration Substitutes or Complements?”。
[60] Landes and Posner, “Adjudication as a Private Good,” p. 247.例如,亦见,Willoughby, Principles of Judicial Administration, p. 56; Lazarus, et al., Resolving Business Disputes, pp. 31 and 125; American Arbitration Association, Lawyers‘ Arbitration Letters, 1970-1979 (New York: The Free Press, 1981), p. 34; Martin Domke, Domke on Commercial Arbitration, Revised Edition by Gabriel M. Wiker (Willmette, Ill.: Gallaghen Co., 1984), p. 27;以及John S. Murray, Alan Scott Rau, and Edward F. Sherman, Processes of Dispute Resolution: the Role of Lawyers (Westbury, N.Y.: The Foundation Press, Inc., 1989), p. 435.
[61] Benson, “Customary Law as a Social Contract”,以及Benson,“Are Public Courts and Arbitration Substitutes or Complements?”。
[62] Wooldridge, Uncle Sam, the Monopoly Man, p.101.
[63] 对州仲裁法内容及其影响的详细分析,参见,Benson,“Are Public Courts and Arbitration Substitues or Complements?”。
[64] Wesley A. Sturges, A Treatise on Commercial Arbitration and Awards (Kansas City: Vernon Law Book Company, 1930)。
[65] Nathan Isaacs, “Review of Wesley Sturges, Treatise on Commercial Arbitration and Awards,” Yale Law Jurnal 40(1930),p.149-151.
[66] Wooldridge, Uncle Sam, the Monopoly Man, p.101.
[67] T. S. Denenberg, and R. V. Denenberg, Dispute Resolution: Settling Conflicts Without Legal Action, Public Affairs Pamphlet No. 597 (New York: Public Affairs Committee, Inc., 1981), p. 5.
[68] 同上注,页8.
[69] 同上注,页10.
[70] 律师依据州仲裁法对仲裁影响的更多细节,参见,Benson, “Are Public Courts and Arbitration Substitutes or Complements?”。
[71] Gary Pruitt, “California Rent-a-Judge Justice,”Journal of Contemporary Studies(Spring 1982): 51-64.
* 美国州法院系统中初审法院的称谓不尽一致,可以是“县法院”、“地区法院”,还可能是“高级法院”,“Los Angeles County Superior Court”,就是洛杉矶县的初审法院。-译者
[72] 同上注,页51.
[73] Richard Koenig, “More Firms Turn to Private Courtsto Avoid Expensive Legal Fights,”Wall Street Journal(January 1984)。
[74] Landes and Posner, “Adjudication as a Private Good,”p.237; Willoughby, Principles of Judicial Administration, p.56;Lazarus Lazarus, et al.,Resolving Business Disputes, pp.31 125;Amercan Arbitration Association, Lawyers‘Arbitration,1970-1979, p.34;Domke, Domke on Commercial Arbitration, p.27;以及Murray, et al.,Processes of Dispute Resolution, p.435.所有这些都暗示着,倘若事前在合同中没有仲裁条款,则私人裁判就不是一项可行的选择。司法市场的出现对此提出了疑问。
[75] 简明讨论,参见,Denenberg and Denenbe
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原文链接:没有政府的正义:中世纪欧洲商人法庭及其现代版本(下)